BERKSHIRE ENVIRO-LABS, INC.
CORNER OF MAIN & CENTER STREETS

                266 MAIN STREET, LEE, MA. 01238 (413) 243-1416

Dear Client:

PLEASE READ ALL OF THE ENCLOSED LITERATURE FIRST. DO NOT
OPEN THE SAMPLING BOTTLES UNTIL YOU ARE READY TO COLLECT
THE WATER SAMPLES. DRINKING WATER SAMPLES MUST BE TESTED
WITHIN 24 HOURS OF COLLECTION. THUS. DO NOT COLLECT THEM
UNTIL YOU ARE PREPARED TO DELIVER THE SAMPLES.

 Thank you,

BERKSHIRE ENVIRO-LABS, INC.
 

William S. Enser, Jr. Director

 

PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTING DRINKING WATER SAMPLES
There are two water sampling bottles in this kit. The glass
bottle has been pre-sterilized for the bacterial tests. The
plastic bottle has been cleaned and is used for the chemical
tests. Do not open the bottles prior to collecting the water
samples in order to reduce the chance of accidental
contamination. Both bottles have been treated. A small
amount of white or brown powder in the glass bottle and
some moisture in the plastic bottle is normal.


1. Inspect the outside of the faucet. If water leaks around the outside, select a different faucet.


2. Remove all attachments (aerators,etc.) from the faucet.


3. Scrub the tap, inside and out with tooth brush and Bleach.


4. Turn on the cold water tap and let the water run for five minutes to permit clearing of the lines.


5. Turn down the flow of water until a stream the thickness of a pencil is achieved. Let flow for five more minutes.


6. Carefully remove the cap from the sterile glass bottle. Be sure that you do not touch the inside of the cap or the outside rim of this bottle. Fill the bottle to within 1/4 inch of its rim. DO NOT RINSE this bottle out. Replace the cap and tighten it so that the cap will not leak during shipment.


7. Fill the plastic bottle following the same procedure used to fill the glass bottle.


8. Completely fill out the Sample Identification Form. Check off the tests you wish us to perform. Staple the correct amount of cash, check, or money order to this form.


9. Put the sample bottles into the original shipping carton along with the Sample Identification Form and payment. Deliver this package to us or our agent the same day the water samples are collected. KEEP THE WATER SAMPLES COOL DO NOT LET THEM FREEZE OR BECOME WARM


10. A written report and evaluation of your water samples
will be mailed to you upon completion of the analysis.

 

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DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS SELECTION

There are three major reasons why private water suppliesshould be tested: 

1) to determine if the supply is Bacterially and Chemically safe for drinking purposes, 
2) to determine if there will be any problem due to minerals found in the supply and if so how to treat the supply and
3) to determine if the supply is properly constructed and in good repair.  (Wells and springs are no different than any other machine, they break down and require periodic maintenance; seals leak, walls crack, vents plug and animals can crawl into the systems.)

The tests described below were selected to meet the above testing requirements.  It is true that. literally hundreds of other tests could have been selected; however, our experience with local public water supplies indicate that the tests selected are the most beneficial.  Other tests such as PCB-'s, Pesticides, and Heavy Metals, with the exception of Sodium, are seldom a problem in private water supplies.  However, if you have any questions pertaining to other tests not described below, please call for further advice. For your convenience we have developed the following testing packages to meet particular testing needs for different types of water supplies and the problems associated with them.

TESTING PACKAGE «1 includes all the tests described below. With this series of tests we can evaluate: 1) if the supply is Bacterially and Chemically safe for drinking purposes,2) if there will be any common mineral problems as well as the best way to treat these problems if required and 3) if the supply does have elevated bacterial levels is the bacteria coming from septic systems, as well as, advice in repairing your supply.  We suggest that every water supply be tested for this series of tests at least once and preferably retested every three to five years.  However, due to the cost of this work we suggest that this testing be a community function (Municipality, Neighborhood, etc.) in order to obtain the most information at reasonable cost.

TESTING PACKAGE #2 is specifically designed to detect septic flowage toward a water supply.  Since shallow wells and springs are most susceptible to septic contamination we advise that these supplies be tested at least once a year and preferable twice a year, during spring and late summer when septic infiltration problems are typically greatest.

TESTING PACKAGE #5 is designed to provide a general bacterial and chemical overview of the quality of the supply.  We suggest that this series of tests be performed whenever the supply is to be tested for the first time and it is not possible to obtain Testing Package #1.  However, we do advise that Testing Package #1 be performed at a later date.

TESTING PACKAGE #4 is suggested once a year for deep wells (preferably in the spring) and twice a year for shallow wells and springs (preferably in the spring and late summer).  This package is a general bacterial check of your water system to make sure that there are no unforeseen changes in your system since the last time you had it chemically tested and to verify that all of the seals and vents are functioning properly.

IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE TESTING PACKAGES, WE SUGGESTTHAT THE WATER SUPPLY BE TESTED FOR STD. PLATE COUNT,TOTAL BACTERIA, WHENEVER THERE IS A QUESTIONABLE TASTE

AND/OR ODOR IN THE WATER SYSTEM.

 

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CALCIUM - The presence of Calcium in water supplies results from water passing through limestone or other calcium containing mineral deposits.  The calcium content may range from zero to several hundred mg/l.  Calcium contributes to water hardness. A Calcium level below 75 mg/l is advisable in drinking water. IRON - Iron is an essential element for human health. Iron levels greater than 0.3 mg/l may cause reddish-brown  .

staining of laundry and plumbing fixtures. Higher concentrations contribute to a slight turbidity in the water and concentrations above 1.0 mg/l are often noticeable in the taste of coffee and tea. An Iron level of less than 0.3 mg/l is advisable in drinking water.

MANGANESE - Excessive Manganese levels impart black stains to laundry and plumbing fixtures. A limit of 0.05 mg/l is recommended in drinking water. SODIUM - Sodium is a very common element in most natural waters.  High concentrations may result from local use of road salt or from water softeners which use salt as the regenerate.  Excessive Sodium levels are associated with hypertension in adolescence as well as blood pressure and kidney problems in adults.  A Sodium level of less than 28 mg/l is advisable in drinking water.

SULFATE - Sulfate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand mg/l.  Because of the laxative " effects of sulfates, the Sulfate level in drinking water should not exceed 250 mg/l.

AMMONIA - Ammonia is naturally present in surface and ground waters.  Being a product of microbiological activity. Ammonia is an indicator of septic pollution when evaluated along with the Total Coliform, E. Coli, Nitrite and Nitrate tests.  It is recommended that the Ammonia level not exceed 0.050 mg/l in drinking water.

NITRITE - Nitrite in concentrations greater than 1.0 mg/l is hazardous to infants.  Nitrite is an indicator of septic pollution when evaluated along with the Total Coliform, E. Coli, Ammonia and Nitrate tests.  The recommended

limit is 1.0 mg/l Nitrite in drinking water. NITRATE - Low Nitrate levels (less than 0.1 mg/l) are naturally present in most water, but the presence of higher levels in conjunction with the Total Coliform, E. Coli, Ammonia and Nitrite tests is an indicator of septic pollution.  Excessive Nitrate levels appear to cause methemoglobinemia, or blue babies, a fatal infant disease. The current Federal Standards recommend that drinking water

should not contain more than 10 mg/l Nitrate.

 

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PROCEDURE TO DISINFECT PRIVATE WELLS AND SPRINGS

1. Pour sufficient household bleach (Chlorox or equivalent) into the well/spring casing to produce

a very strong bleach smell (1/2 to 1 gallon is usually sufficient).

2. Thoroughly mix the water in the well/spring until the bleach is evenly distributed. When possible, it is best to run a hose from a house tap back to the well/spring in order to circulate the chlorinated water from the well/spring through the house and back into the well/spring. This method will completely mix the bleach in the well/spring and save you a lot of time, for you can turn the system on and just let it run. If it is not possible to use a hose to circulate the chlorinated water, use a clean scrub brush. We do not advise that you just add the bleach and let it sit.

3. After the bleach is thoroughly mixed in the well/spring, rinse down the walls of the well/spring with the chlorinated water. If you are not able to pump the water around, use a new clean brush. (When completed, turn the hose off).

4. Reseal the well/spring being careful not to allow dirt to fall into the well/sprjng casing. 5. Run the chlorinated water through the water Lines in your house, one faucet at a time, until a strong smell of bleach is obtained. Then turn the faucet off and proceed to the next tap until all of the water lines have been chlorinated.

6. Wait 30 minutes for the chlorinated water to disinfect the pipes and storage tank in your house.

7. Flush the chlorine out of the water system by running it (preferably onto the ground and not into your septic system) until the smell of chlorine is gone.

8. Use the water system for several days after the smell of chlorine is gone. Then re-sample and test for Total Coliform bacteria.

 

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DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS" REPORT INTERPRETATIONS

The following interpretations are offered as guidelines for evaluating the results of your water analysis.  If your water supply is suspect for any reason, further analysis and professional evaluation are recommended to pinpoint the source of the problem.  If you have any questions, or wish to consult with one of our staff, please contact us.

TOTAL COLIFORM - The Total Coliform test is the standard bacterial test used to evaluate if a water supply is potentially susceptible to disease causing organisms. Coliform bacteria not only originate from fecal wastes but are also very common soil organisms.  In theory, if soil bacteria can find their way into a water system, so can disease causing organisms.  The Environmental Protection Agency Standards recommend no more than zero Total Coliform organism per 100 mis of drinking water.

E. COLI - E. Coli organisms come mainly from the digestive tract of humans and other warm blooded animals.  The presence of E. Coli bacteria in a water supply indicates dangerous contamination.  E. Coli bacteria should NOT be present in drinking water.  pH - The pH test indicates if your water is acidic, neutral or basic on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH value of 7.0 is the neutral point.  Values greater than 7.0 indicate that the water is increasingly basic and values less than 7.0 indicate that the water is increasingly acidic.  Water with pH values of 6.0 or less tend to be corrosive to metal pipes and boilers.  It is advisable to have a pH value between 6.0 and 9.0 in drinking water.

ALKALINITY - The Alkalinity of the water is a measure of its ability to neutralize acid.  A water with low pH (less than 6.0) and low Alkalinity is considered to be corrosive.  An Alkalinity between 50 and 100 mg/l is advisable in drinking water.

CHLORIDE - Natural Chloride concentrations will vary from one location to another.  The permissible Chloride content of water depends on the sensitivity (taste) of the consumer. High Chloride levels may indicate possible sewage contamination or road salt infiltration.  A Chloride level less than 250 mg/l is advisable in drinking water.

FLUORIDE - Low levels of Fluoride in drinking water are advantageous in reducing tooth decay; however, excessive levels promote mottling or staining of teeth.  The advised maximum level of Fluoride in drinking water is 4.0 mg/l. HARDNESS - Hardness is primarily due to calcium and magnesium compounds.  In general, water softer than 30 mg/l tends to be corrosive, where as water harder than 100 mg/l leads to the use of more soap, scaling inside hot water tanks and the plugging of water lines.  Excessive hardness also contributes to the deterioration of fabrics.  Hardness values of 50 to 100 mg/l are advisable in drinking water with 100 to 150 mg/l as passable and over 150 mg/l as undesirable.

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